Cavity Expansion–Contraction-Based Method for Tunnel–Soil–Pile Interaction in a Unified Clay and Sand Model: Drained Analysis

This paper proposes an analytical method based on drained solutions of cavity expansion and contraction in a unified clay sand model to investigate tunnel–soil–pile interactions. Cavity analyses are used evaluate the effects pile installation ground stresses determine end-bearing capacity distribution shaft friction. methods were adopted replicate tunnel convergence–confinement response using singularity image for loss ovalization shallow semi-infinite medium. A 2D was developed that evaluates changes mean stress specific volume during excavation. Outcomes from approach compared against data centrifuge tests silica sand; results demonstrate trends load degradation, mobilized safety factor, tunneling-induced settlement can be satisfactorily predicted case excavated beneath with constant service load. Criteria capacity, proposed critical or level. The contributes understanding tunnel–soil–structure interaction mechanisms provides efficient means conducting preliminary risk assessment tunnel–pile interaction.